Showing posts with label religions. Show all posts
Showing posts with label religions. Show all posts

Thursday, June 29, 2017

The Bible As Literature

Bible.. Photo. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/300_252750/1/300_252750/cite. Accessed 14 Jun 2017.
We can see this on a global scale when we look at the overall format of the Bible. That format is the literary anthology—a collection of varied literary genres written by multiple authors over the span of many centuries. In its details, too, the Bible is a literary book. Most of it is embodied in the genres of narrative, poetry, letters, and visionary writing. Dozens of smaller genres accumulate under those big rubrics. Why should we read the Bible as literature? Because its literary format requires it. C. S. Lewis sounded the keynote when he wrote in Reflections on the Psalms that “there is a sense in which the Bible, since it is after all literature, cannot properly be read except as literature; and the different parts of it as the different sorts of literature they are.”
~Leyland Ryken, "The Bible as Literature"

"Bible as literature" is actually a subject heading we stumbled across in the library catalog, but it turns out many schools teach it as a class - from MIT and Yale to BYU and University of Colorado, and even our own UNM! Perhaps unsurprisingly, the literary study of the Bible falls under the English course heading rather than Religion.  Literary forms such as parable, poetry, hero narratives, and proverb are studied, along with typical literary concerns such as setting and character; historicity is examined along with biography; sometimes a particular version of the Bible is the focus, such as the King James. The core of the studies seems to remain the influence of the Bible on the Western literary canon - in the Huffington Post's article about teaching high schoolers about the Bible, it is suggested that "It is one thing to teach the Bible as if it were the word of God, and another to teach about the Bible — its stories, characters, events, and lessons — as a human book, and to discuss the many interpretations that have been advanced over the centuries." A book that could be called "the single most influential piece of literature in the world" (it certainly is a bestseller) deserves to be studied for literary merit as well as religious content - you can find references to Biblical writings in other great works by Shakespeare, Milton, Hemingway, and even in the movie The Matrix. The author Marilynne Robinson writes, "Literatures are self-referential by nature, and even when references to Scripture in contemporary fiction and poetry are no more than ornamental or rhetorical — indeed, even when they are unintentional — they are still a natural consequence of the persistence of a powerful literary tradition."

Interested  in studying the Bible's literary influences? If you don't want to take a class in the Bible as literature, there's a reading group on the Librarything website, or you could just check out a book from the library catalog on the topic.

The Book of the People: How to Read the Bible by A.N. Wilson

The Good Book: Writers Reflect on Favorite Bible Passages  edited by Andrew Blauner

Christ: A Crisis in the Life of God by Jack Miles

Thursday, May 25, 2017

Novels and Memoirs About Polygamy

(Image Credit: Book jacket for The Polygamous Wives Writing Club: From the Diaries of Mormon Pioneer Women edited by Paula Kelly Harline)


Polygamy in America is mainly associated with the early history of the Mormon Church and considered to be a quaint artifact of church history that was jettisoned in 1890 when LDS President Wilford Woodruff delivered the Manifesto ending plural marriage. Utah became a state in 1896 after what Latter Day Saint church historians refer to as "The Great Accommodation". However, this decision rocked the foundations of families unwilling to discontinue the practice. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints is usually thought of in terms of the mainstream church in Utah, but even during its' formative years, had hundreds of splits and schisms.

This complicated issue revolves around legal, economic, and social factors that push the limits of religious freedom and thwart the civil rights of women and children in the United States. Polygamist communities scattered through Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, Texas, Nevada, and further north in Bountiful, British Columbia have existed since the 1890's. Polygamists settled in Mexico and created their own colonies that experienced a descent into murderous cult insanity courtesy of the infamous Ervil LeBaron, who targeted a rival polygamist sect called The Apostolic United Brethren and had their leader Rulon Allred assassinated. Ervil LeBaron didn't hesitate to kill his own family members who wouldn't bend to his demented will. Following the deaths of the five LeBaron brothers, residents of Colonia LeBaron settled into peaceful prosperity after a generation of violence subsided, but then had to deal with new threats, such as being targeted for kidnapping and extortion by the local drug cartels.

While some polygamists try to maintain their privacy, others have taken their message to reality TV after HBO's drama Big Love ended. (What used to be) The Learning Channel (TLC) broadcasts Sister Wives and the now cancelled My Five Wives, which extols a pro-polygamy message through the gritted-teeth smiles of plural wives claiming that polgamy has many benefits. TLC, in an effort to present another perspective also aired the short-lived reality series, Escaping the Prophet, hosted by activist Flora Jessop who struggled for years to extricate her younger sister Ruby Jessop from an arranged marriage. A&E also airs a reality series called Escaping Polygamy, which features escaped young women trying to help others leave the notorious Kingston Clan, who have been targeted by the state of Utah for decades, due to fraud and blood curdling abuse of women and children.

Fundamentalist Mormon groups keep making headlines through the crimes of leaders like Warren Jeffs who made the FBI's Ten Most Wanted List for performing and partaking in child marriages until he was arrested while on the run with one of his 80 wives. Jeffs also sent his followers to Eldorado, Texas, where they constructed a Waco-style composed of displaced women and children who had been separated from their families in Arizona and Utah. In a showdown between the FLDS and local law enforcement, numerous atrocities and abuses came to light, but in the end, the state of Texas backed down and returned the children to their community. Jeffs is serving a life sentence for a multitude of crimes, including marrying the twelve-year-old daughter of his former bishop and now convict Merril Jessop.

In current headlines, Winston Blackmore, a fundamentalist Mormon leader in Bountiful, British Columbia is on trial for polygamy and the human trafficking of underage "brides. Blackmore who is married to 26 women and the father of 108 children is attempting to turn the tables on prosecutors with a constitutional challenge to Canadian polygamy laws.

For a history of  Mormon polygamy, I recommend reading Jon Krakauer's extraordinary book Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith and private investigator Sam Brower's book Prophet's Prey: My Seven Year Investigation Into Warren Jeffs and the Fundamentalist Church of Latter Day Saints. Brower has helped former members leaving the FLDS get justice against criminal activities. The topic of polygamy encompasses more than marriages between a man and multiple women, but the underlying issues are the toll the practice takes on women's emotions, the pressure on men to provide for multiple families, and the abuse and neglect children suffer due to the practice.

These isolated fundamentalist splinter groups developed a culture of secrecy and a persecution complex that fostered exploitation and abuse of their isolated members. As this religious subculture of America comes into the light, the publishing world has taken note of these events and given survivors of these famous families a platform to share their stories.

Novels

Amity and Sorrow by Peggy Riley

A Circle of Wives by Alice LaPlante

Daredevils by Shawn Vestal

Down From the Mountain by Elizabeth Fixmer

For Time and All Eternities by Mette Ivie Harrison

I Love You More by Jennifer Murphy

A Killing In Zion by Andrew Hunt

The 19th Wife by David Ebershoff

The Lonely Polygamist by Brady Udall

Riders of the Purple Sage by Zane Grey

A Serpent's Tooth by Craig Johnson

Sister Wife  by Shelley Hrdlitschka

Memoirs

Escape by Carolyn Jessop

Favorite Wife (ebook) by Susan Ray Schmidt

Fifty Years in Polygamy: Big Secrets and Little White Lies by Kristyn Decker 

God's Brothel by Andrea Moore-Emmett 

Lost Boy by Brent Jeffs

The Polygamist's Daughter by Anna LeBaron

The Polygamous Wives Writing Club: From the Diaries of Mormon Pioneer Women  edited by Paula Kelly Harline 

Predators, Prey, and Other Kinfolk: Growing Up In Polygamy by Dorothy Allred Solomon 

Shattered Dreams: My Life As a Polygamist's Wife by Irene Spencer

The Sound of Gravel: A Memoir by Ruth Wariner

Stolen Innocence: My Story of Growing Up In a Polygamous Sect, Becoming a Teenage Bride, and Breaking Free of Warren Jeffs by Elissa Wall

The Witness Wore Red: the 19th Wife Who Brought Polygamous Cult Leaders to Justice by Rebecca Musser



Saturday, April 1, 2017

Mormon Murder Mysteries? Meet Mette Ivie Harrison



Whenever I hear the word "Mormon" or "Latter Day Saints" I'm transported to my childhood in Idaho Falls, Idaho and the neighborhood I grew up in, across the street from the Cook family. Their father was a kind farmer who generously gave each child an egg during our first grade visit to his farm. The Cook family had eight kids and counting by the time we moved away to Albuquerque in the 1980's. We were the only Catholics I knew of in our neighborhood and the Cook daughters Stephanie, Cammie, and Analiese gave me the first glimpses into their world of no caffeine, clean living, forever families, and the afterlife as interpreted by children. I first heard about sacred garments when we played with my paper dolls who were deemed immodest for having two piece underwear and swimming suits.

Idaho is next door to Utah and predominantly Mormon, or the preferred term LDS (Latter Day Saints). The Idaho Falls Temple is the first image you will see if you google "Idaho Falls". Until we moved away, I had never heard the major swear words and led a very sheltered existence in this insular community. Because we did not belong to the LDS church, we were outsiders and if I had finished growing up in Idaho Falls, that sense of being on the outside looking in would have most likely increased over the years, along with my curiosity.

Idaho Falls Temple @CC0 Public Domain


Latter Day Saints are part of an all-American religion, deeply woven into the fabric of our society. Founded in 1830 by their prophet Joseph Smith, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that members consider to be a restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The LDS church's headquarters are located in Salt Lake City, Utah and is the fourth largest denomination in the United States of America. During the pioneer era of their church, Latter Day Saints trekked across the United States and settled in Salt Lake City under the theocratic leadership of their second president, Brigham Young. LDS history at times has been controversial, due to the short-lived practice of polygamy, refusal of the priesthood to black men (which was overturned through spiritual revelation in 1978), and staunch gender roles and family values that helped to defeat the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in the 1970's. As a younger religion, Mormonism is distinctly unique compared to other Protestant religions, due in part to their missionary program, sacred text The Book of Mormon, and strong, wholesome communities that rely on their members to fulfill the roles that would normally fall under the authority of a paid clergy.

Mette Ivie Harrison is an author of young adult books and made her foray into the adult mystery genre with her ground-breaking book: The Bishop's Wife. Harrison is a Latter Day Saint, along with being an author, a Princeton graduate with a Ph.D in Germanic Languages and Literature, a mother of five, a contributor to The Huffington Post, and an All-American triathlete. Her debut mystery novel The Bishop's Wife is set in Sandy, Utah and the main character Linda Wallheim is married to Kurt Wallheim, a solemn Mormon bishop who serves their local ward (or what Catholics would call their parish) on top of being a full-time accountant.

Linda is the mother of five grown boys and spends her time in a supportive role consisting of comforting and visiting members of her ward in the capacity of a bishop's wife. As a bishop's wife, Linda works closely with their Relief Society, providing casseroles to distraught families in crisis and arranging for their home teachers to offer them spiritual support. Linda is a deep thinker, a dutiful, practicing Mormon, but has her own opinions about the patriarchal nature of her religion. Linda draws readers into the world of every day Mormonism in a way that is respectful and honest, allowing us to see challenging situations through her eyes, which are tempered with critical thinking and wary skepticism.

As a true crime aficionado, I immediately saw that The Bishop's Wife was inspired by the Susan Powell tragedy, a mother of two who disappeared under bizarre circumstances and has never been found. Her husband Joshua Powell was the prime suspect and before the police could make their case against him, Powell committed a murder-suicide, taking the couple's two boys' lives before he killed himself and set their home on fire.

The novel opens on a cold Utah winter morning, when neighbor Jared Helm and his daughter turn up at the Wallheim's home, claiming that Jared's wife Carrie has disappeared. The circumstances are suspicious, especially since Carrie would never abandon her five-year-old daughter. Linda is convinced that Jared murdered his wife and is determined to get justice for Carrie and her daughter, despite Kurt's pleas that she not get involved. The novel does not resort to a predictable narrative and Harrison will keep you transfixed until the shocking moment of truth.


Harrison's second mystery His Right Hand is even more compelling and thought-provoking. Harrison does not whitewash or sidestep contemporary and sensitive issues such as the difficulties of being homosexual in the LDS church, which has developed difficult policies for members and their families, leaving many people having to make hard choices between their religion and authentic identities. At the same time, Mormon feminists like Kate Kelly are making their case for ordination and finding themselves excommunicated instead.

Linda Wallheim finds herself embroiled in another murder in her ward where her husband Kurt is still serving as a Mormon bishop. One night, a distraught member named Emma phones Linda and Kurt to report that Carl a second counselor of the ward is late coming home from a church meeting. Kurt and Linda drive over to the church, where they find Carl strangled with a woman's scarf. The autopsy reveals that Carl was transgender. This revelation surprises everyone, including Emma and their two adopted children. In a church where women are not allowed to hold the priesthood, Carl has been living as a man and performing functions such as providing blessings and temple work. As the church leaders struggle to keep the news of Carl's gender concealed, Linda begins to uncover facts unknown to the police, and she has to choose between supporting her distraught husband or finding Carl's killer. Kurt Wallheim, who is portrayed as a compassionate but very Orthodox Mormon, struggles with this knowledge and the impact it has on his own sense of discernment and masculinity.

A subplot of His Right Hand is the Wallheim's youngest son coming out as a gay man who still wants to serve his church as a missionary. Samuel believes in church doctrine, but by his sexual orientation has an unavoidable conflict with it, if he chooses to not be celibate. We learn about Linda's first failed marriage to a closeted gay man and how their subsequent divorce fractured her relationship with her conservative family and church community and drove her to become an atheist until she finally returned to the church and married Kurt. The tensions between loving and accepting homosexual family members and remaining in religious life are treated with sensitivity and courage.



The Mormon church may have renounced polygamy in the 19th century, but for some Fundamentalist Latter-Day Saints, "plural marriage" is still a part of their faith. For Time and All Eternities begins with Linda Wallheim learning that her son Kenneth has gotten engaged to a young woman from a polygamous family. Naomi Carter no longer practices the religion she grew up in, but the Carters will still be the Wallheims' in-laws once Kenneth and Naomi are married. Stephen Carter, Naomi's father and the patriarch of the Carter clan, invites Linda and Kurt Wallheim to the Carter family compound in the remote foothills of the mountains outside Salt Lake City. Stephen Carter wishes to meet his future in-laws, and introduce them to his five wives and twenty-two children. Linda considers polygamy to be an abusive practice that harms women and children and prepares to look for signs that Stephen's wives and children are in need of help. However, when the patriarch is found dead, the question isn't who did it, but who didn't want to kill him? Once again, Linda is determined to find the killer and protect the wives and children left behind while contending with her own spiritual challenges.

To learn more about the Latter Day Saint movement abcreads recommends the following books:

The Mormon People the Making of an American Faith by Matthew Bowman

American Crucifixion: The Murder of Joseph Smith and the Fate of the Mormon Church by Alex Beam
  
The God Who Weeps : How Mormonism Makes Sense of Life by Terryl Givens, Fiona Givens

 Wrestling the Angel: The Foundations of Mormon Thought: Cosmos, God, Humanity by  Terryl L. Givens 
 
The Book of Mormon a Very Short Introduction  (ebook) by Terryl L. Givens
  
The Mormonizing of America: How the Mormon Religion Became a Dominant Force in Politics, Entertainment, and Pop Culture by Stephen Mansfield

When Men Become Gods: Mormon Polygamist Warren Jeffs, His Cult of Fear, and the Women Who Fought Back by Stephen Singular

Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith by Jon Krakauer

Prophet's Prey: My Seven-Year Investigation Into Warren Jeffs and The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints by Sam Brower













Tuesday, November 10, 2015

Silence, Community, Solitude


I just got back from a three day silent retreat at a monastery. I was tempted after breaking the silence on the final day, to state my willingness to cook, clean, and work in their library in exchange for room and board. Then I remembered that the cat sitter needed to be relieved of duty and it was time to go home and resume my responsibilities. Eventually, I would also want to find out what was going on with my favorite TV show and catch up with my ungodly celebrity gossip. However, I am committed to finding a way to bring silence and depth into my daily life and the following books may tide me over until the next retreat, even though waking up at 5:30 a.m. has already slipped away.

An Infinity of Little Hours: Five Young Men and Their Trial of Faith in the Western World's Most Austere Monastic Order by Nancy Klein Maguire

Alone In Community: Journeys Into Monastic Life Around the World by William Classen

A History of Celibacy: From Athena to Elizabeth I, Leonardo da Vinci, Florence Nightingale, Ghandi and Cher by Elizabeth Abbott

Silence: The Power of Quiet In a World Full of Noise by Thich Nĥát Hanh

In Silence: Why We Pray by Donald Spoto

Nuns: A History of Convent Life, 1450-1700 by Silvia Evangelisti

And Then There Were Nuns: Adventures In a Cloistered Life by Jane Christmas

Unveiled: The Hidden Lives of Nuns by Cheryl L. Reed

Business Secrets of the Trappist Monks: One CEO's Quest For Meaning and Authenticity by August Turak

The Monks and Me: How 40 Days At Thich Nĥát Hanh's French Monastery Guided Me Home by Mary Paterson

Fire Monks: Zen Mind Meets Wildfire At the Gates of Tassajara by Colleen Morton Busch

Chant: The Origins, Form, Practice, and Healing Power of Gregorian Chant by Katharine Le Mee
  

Thursday, September 10, 2015

Off the Derech



For memoir lovers, there is yet another genre to enjoy: Ex-Frum Memoirs. A wave of ex-Hasidic writers have emerged to share their personal stories of life after leaving the insular world of Hasidism. For members leaving these communities, the challenges include insufficient education, language barriers, and crushing custody and divorce battles.

The first memoir I was introduced to was Leah Vincent's memoir, Cut Me Loose: Sin and Salvation After My Ultra-Orthodox Girlhood. This riveting memoir was impossible to put down, so I simply gave up and read it in a single sitting. Vincent details her life as a rabbi's daughter in the ultra-Orthodox Yeshivish community and the events that propelled her into the secular world, where she pursued a master's degree at Harvard. Vincent doesn't shirk from sharing her family's heartless rejection, the following years of isolation, and psychological torment that included self-injury and sexual exploitation . However, this is also a testament of perseverance and realness, when conformity isn't an option. Leah Vincent also became a member and board member of the non-profit Footsteps, a non-profit dedicated to helping men and women "Step Off the Derech" (path). 

The next set of compelling memoirs I discovered were Deborah Feldman's memoirs. Feldman was raised by her grandparents in the Satmar Hasidic dynasty, after her mother left and her disabled father was unable to care for her. Feldman poignantly conveys her sense of isolation and longing through her reminiscences of childhood literature, the reading of which was a borderline subversive act in her community. The breaking point for Feldman came in an arranged marriage and a tightening vise of expectations and restrictions. Following the birth of her son, Feldman courageously left her community with her son and managed to do something that most women in her position are unable to do; retain custody of her child and obtain a divorce. Unorthodox: The Scandalous Rejection Of My Hasidic Roots, details her self-actualization through education, free-thinking, and the chutzpah to be herself. Her follow up memoir Exodus, is a refreshing and liberating reading experience that allows us to follow her on a pilgrimage of self-discovery and travels through Europe, where she pays homage to her beloved grandmother by visiting her village in rural Hungary. 

Shulem Deen is the founder and editor of the blog Unpious, and author of the outstanding memoir, All Who Go Do Not Return, a revelation about the particular heartbreaks a man can face in the Skverer sect, where his roles as husband and father were usurped, due to his intellectual curiosity and questioning that branded him an apostate. Deen's first so-called transgressions came merely from listening to the radio, visiting a public library, reading encyclopedias and then bringing a computer and TV into his home. Deen's excerpt of his book in Salon.com "This Is How Lost My Faith: Science Helped, Yes - But Finally I Accepted the Holy Texts Were Written by Man" sums up his experience as a non-believer, who has to honor his authentic self and embark on a new path, gathering new found values along the way.

Shalom Auslander is a remarkable essayist and his fiction is bitingly funny. His memoir Foreskin's Lament recounts his rebellious upbringing in an ultra-Orthodox, exceedingly dysfunctional family. Auslander's anxious childhood concept of G-d is a temperamental, smiting, and adversarial entity. His humor is reminiscent of David Sedaris, but infused with a blistering sarcasm that readers can live vicariously through. His short stories Beware of God and novel, Hope: A Tragedy is like enjoying Woody Allen's short stories with an even sharper edge.

More books about Hasidism:

Here and There: Leaving Hasidism, Keeping My Family by Chaya Deitsch

The Religious Thought of Hasidism:Text and Commentary translated and edited by Norman Lamm