The books we love the most are the ones where you close the book and
you’re still thinking about those characters. We want to be drawn into their lives again, because we didn’t get enough the first time.
~Carrie Bebris, author of the Mr. and Mrs. Darcy Mysteries
I myself used to write Star Wars fan fiction when I was tween. I think writing fan fiction is a good way for new writers to learn to tell a story.
~ Meg Cabot
Art isn't your pet - it's your kid. It grows up and talks back to you.
~Joss Whedon
Fanfiction is defined as
fiction written by fans of a TV series, movie, etc., using existing characters and situations to develop new plots. [Dictionary.com] With the continuing success of E.L. James'
Fifty Shades of Grey, the trilogy which had its beginning in
online fanfic, it seems like fanfiction (or fanfic) has never been more in the news, but is it really a new thing?
In England The Romance of the Rose was the paradigmatic example of the
medieval form: one writer would begin the story and another would
complete it. Even Shakespeare, did not own the stories in his plays. A
patron would commission him to retell a story and he was paid in
royalties. All stories within the medieval period were re-workings of
stories about the same characters, but we could not call them fanfic as
copyright law and the printing press had not yet sectioned off the
professional, paid, copyright owner of original texts, from the rest of
the populace, creating a subclass of fans. [Ewan Morrison, in The Guardian]
Other than
Fifty Shades of Grey, fanfic that has achieved mainstream publication lately include the
After series by Anna Todd, inspired by the boy band
One Direction and originally published online on a fanfic site, and, if "
fandom legend" is to be believed, Naomi Novik's first novel,
Her Majesty’s Dragon (allegedly started as a
Master and Commander fanfic). But several published authors you know and love have fanfic connections: Hugo Award winner
Lois McMaster Bujold published an early
Star Trek fanfic zine; YA author
Cassandra Clare has written "
thousands of pages" of fanfic about
The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter; and
Neil Gaiman has indulged in
Chronicles of Narnia and H.P. Lovecraft fanfics. You can also check the library catalog for proto-fanfic - you'll find
many examples of books "inspired by" authors such as William Shakespeare
and Jane Austen, or "
retellings" of popular myths, fairy tales, and other classics, which arguably could qualify.
Wide Sargasso Sea, Jean Rhys' reimagining of
Jane Eyre from the point of view of Mr. Rochester's first wife, dates back to 1966. From the author's point of view, J.K. Rowling doesn't mind fanfic,
Annie Proulx doesn't respect it, Jodi Picoult once
tweeted "don't steal a fan base another author's worked hard for", and George R. R. Martin hates it.
Existing between fanfic and original works of literature are book
series which have been continued by another author, and tie-in novels
and novelizations of TV shows and films which often exist outside the
world of the series.
Again, you could argue that they are technically "fiction about
characters or settings from an original work of fiction, created by fans
of that work rather than by its creator". [
Wikipedia] For instance, there are actually very few James Bond novels by Ian
Fleming - Raymond Benson and John Gardner continued the series. You can
also find a
new Hercule Poirot mystery that the Agatha Christie estate
allowed Sophie Hannah to write; Sebastian Faulks recently published
Jeeves and the Wedding Bells: An Homage to P.G. Wodehouse;
Eric Van Lustbader has been continuing Robert Ludlum's Jason Bourne
series for more than 10 years.
Like fanfic, these books use existing characters to create new plots.
Crucially, these works have been "officially sanctioned" by someone -
the family of the original author [Christie] or the production company
which owns the rights [Fleming], for instance. The average fanfic writer does not have the blessing of the author and has
to worry about possible copyright violations, if an author objects to their writing.
Under the Copyright Act of 1976, a copyright owner has the exclusive
right to reproduce, adapt, distribute, perform and display their work.
Any person who infringes upon the right of a copyright owner without
their permission has violated someone else’s copyright. If a writer of fan fiction is sued for infringement the writer can
make an argument of fair use. Under fair use, there is a four factor
test that the courts apply: 1) the purpose and character of the use
(commercial in nature or nonprofit educational purposes), 2) the nature
of the copyrighted work, 3) the amount and substantiality of the portion
used in relation to the copyrighted work, and 4) the effect of the use
on the potential market of the copyrighted work.*
It's perhaps inevitable that, in a world where we try to value creativity and the opinions of others and almost everyone can be
nanofamous due to the democratization of information via social media, fanfic would become increasingly accessible and popular. Whatever it transforms to in future permutations, seems like it's here to stay.
Interested in learning about fanfic? Try reading the two non-fiction books in the catalog which reference it, or Rainbow Rowell's novel about a young fanfic writer:
Fic: Why Fanfiction Is Taking Over the World by Anne Jamison
Content: Selected Essays on Technology, Creativity, Copyright, and the Future of the Future by Cory Doctorow [contains the essay "In Praise of Fanfic"]
Fangirl by Rainbow Rowell
Or, you can find a plethora of fanfic online. There is fanfic for almost every taste! To name a few:
Orange is the New Black;
Sherlock; fashion fanfic on MTV Style;
The X-Files; Edgar Allan Poe;
Buffy the Vampire Slayer;
The Devil Wears Prada; The Hulk;
The Great Gatsby;
Scandal;
Doctor Who mashed with
Blackadder;
Doctor Who mashed with
Downton Abbey; even Peter Rabbit. Some of the biggest purveyors of fanfic are:
Archive of Our Own
FanFiction
Wattpad
Kindle Worlds
[Please note: content on fanfic sites varies in theme and maturity levels. FanFiction.net rates content M if it is for readers 18+.]
How do you feel about fanfic? Do you read fanfiction? Do you write fanfiction?
Links
It's a Fan-Made World [Vulture]
The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey [GalleyCat]
What is Fanfiction? A Primer to Get You Up to Speed Reading and Writing in the Vast Community [Bustle - Please note, article contains some suggestive images]
'Shipping' and the Enduring Appeal of Rooting For Love [The Atlantic]
Pop Culture Happy Hour, Small Batch: The Rise of Fan Fiction [NPR]
Organization for Transformative Works
The Organization for Transformative Works (OTW) is a nonprofit
organization established by fans to serve the interests of fans by
providing access to and preserving the history of fanworks and fan
culture in its myriad forms. We believe that fanworks are transformative
and that transformative works are legitimate. [from their website]
Professional Author Fanfic Policies [Fanlore]
Fan Fiction and Copyright Law [University of San Francisco School of Law]*
Copyright Laws and Fan Fiction [academia.edu]